{"id":52550,"date":"2022-10-14T09:24:28","date_gmt":"2022-10-14T07:24:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinamediaproject.org\/?p=52550"},"modified":"2022-10-14T09:26:11","modified_gmt":"2022-10-14T07:26:11","slug":"writing-the-future-into-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinamediaproject.org\/2022\/10\/14\/writing-the-future-into-history\/","title":{"rendered":"Writing the Future into History"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

For the Chinese Communist Party, history is never in the past. It is a political text to be imprinted with a vision of power and its legitimation; a culmination in the present, gathering on the selective foundation of what has come before. It follows, naturally, that history is never simply written. It is drafted in consultation, making its way from one office to the next, approved and rejected, revised and re-revised, chiseled into being like a cathedral of rhetoric and representation \u2014 until what emerges is a monument to the Party\u2019s image of itself at that concrete moment in time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is in exactly this spirit that we should understand \u201cA Chronicle of Major Events Since the Party\u2019s 19th<\/sup> National Congress\u201d (\u515a\u7684\u5341\u4e5d\u5927\u4ee5\u6765\u5927\u4e8b\u8bb0), the declaration of the Party and its purpose that today dominates most of the first eight pages of the CCP\u2019s official People\u2019s Daily<\/em> newspaper. Like the communique released earlier this week, the \u201cChronicle of Major Events\u201d is one of a number of official documents that we can anticipate in the run-up to the 20th<\/sup> National Congress of the CCP, set to open on October 16.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The last such chronicle was released in the People\u2019s Daily<\/em> on October 16, 2017, two days before the opening of the 19th<\/sup> National Congress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/div><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

This year\u2019s \u201cChronicle of Major Events\u201d comes with a special commentary marking the release, printed on page two, as well as a dry question-and-answer recounting on page eight, with an unnamed official from the Central Institute of Party History and Literature (\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u515a\u53f2\u548c\u6587\u732e\u7814\u7a76\u9662), of the process and principles by which the document was formulated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The attribution of the commentary to \u201ca commentator from this paper,\u201d or benbao pinglunyuan<\/em> (\u672c\u62a5\u8bc4\u8bba\u5458), marks it as an important staff-written piece representing views in the senior leadership. The commentary concludes with a packed paragraph of loyalty signaling that references the power of Xi Jinping\u2019s guiding philosophy, or \u201cbanner term\u201d (\u65d7\u5e1c\u8bed) \u2014 which is expected to be shortened at the upcoming congress to the potent \u201cXi Jinping Thought\u201d \u2014 as well as formulas like the \u201cTwo Establishes,\u201d<\/a> which is meant to seal the position of both Xi and his guiding ideas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe banner points the direction; the direction determines the path; the path determines destiny,\u201d it reads, sending a clear message that Xi\u2019s \u201cthought\u201d is the way of the future for China.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Drafting the Past for the Future<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The question-and-answer article from the Central Institute of Party History and Literature is mostly uninteresting in its fawning restatement of CCP orthodoxy. The question is asked, not by a human being but presumably by the Institute itself: \u201cCould you please talk about the guiding thought and basic principles in the preparation of \u2018Major Events\u2019?\u201d The answer comes from the unnamed \u201cresponsible official\u201d: \u201cThe writing of \u2018Major Events\u2019 adheres in its guidance to Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for the New Era.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not exactly gripping or revelatory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The banner points the direction; the direction determines the path; the path determines destiny.<\/strong><\/p>\u2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The People\u2019s Daily<\/em>, October 14, 2022<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

But the Q&A\u2019s sketch of the procedural process behind the \u201cChronicle of Major Events\u201d might be interesting to observers of Chinese politics. It explains that a series of internal CCP chronicles since the 19th<\/sup> National Congress in 2017 laid down the foundation for the \u201cChronicle of Major Events\u201d and that work on these documents \u201cgathered experience and trained the team\u201d at the institute. These official historical documents included \u201cMajor Events in 40 Years of Reform and Opening\u201d (\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u56db\u5341\u5e74\u5927\u4e8b\u8bb0), released in 2018<\/a>, and \u201cMajor Events in a Century of the CCP\u201d (\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4e00\u767e\u5e74\u5927\u4e8b\u8bb0), released in late June of 2021<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Early this year, in anticipation of the 20th National Congress, the institute defined the drafting of the \u201cChronicle of Major Events\u201d as one of its top priorities, and formed a \u201cdrafting team\u201d (\u7f16\u5199\u7ec4). The drafting process then involved numerous internal meetings to discuss various issues as they emerged. Once an initial draft had been produced, experts were organized to further discuss the draft and make suggestions. \u201cThe more than 500 entries were revised word by word, polished repeatedly, and drafted several times,\u201d according to the Q&A.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

“It can be said that ‘Major Events’ is an important research result completed under the kind care of leading comrades of the Central Committee with the full effort of Party history and documentation departments, and with collaboration from other relevant departments,” the anonymous official concludes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The nod to \u201cresearch\u201d aside, this is not the work of professional historians. What to include, and what to leave out? Whom to downplay and whom to emphasize? Such questions are too momentous to entrust to academic historians. The process must instead rely on those we might call, for lack of a better word, historiogrofficials<\/em> \u2014 bureaucratic functionaries who shape the past through the political prerogatives of the present.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So what shape has the \u201cChronicle of Major Events\u201d taken?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Visualizing the Past Five Years<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

It would be a mostly pointless exercise to delve into the 500-odd entries in the chronicle, but the consistency of these documents, in terms of form and process, as they are released every five years provides an excellent opportunity for comparison. And one crucial indicator we can observe is how frequently the chronicles mention the Party\u2019s top leaders, the seven men on the Standing Committee of the Politburo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comparison is feasible not just because the process, as the official from the Central Institute of Party History and Literature explained, is a highly formal one. The chronicles released in 2017 and 2022 are also nearly identical in length, the former coming in at 49,949 characters, and the second at 50,800 (being just 16-20 lines longer).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If we search full-text versions of both chronicles for the names of the seven members of the Politburo Standing Committee, and then plot the number of mentions for each name, a clear pattern emerges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/div><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The rise in mentions of Xi Jinping in this year\u2019s chronicle (268) represents just over a 25 percent increase over his mentions in the 2017 chronicle (222), clearly reflecting his growing profile within the official account of the past five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As for the remaining members of the Standing Committee, the total mentions of all have fallen in real terms, despite the very slight increase in the length of the chronicle. Premier Li Keqiang, the second-ranking official on the PSC after Xi, received 66 mentions in the 2017 chronicle. This year, Li received just 44 mentions, a significant drop of one-third.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Drops for the rest of the PSC members in this year\u2019s chronicle are similar to that experienced by the premier. For example, the third-ranking member in 2017 was Zhang Dejiang (\u5f20\u5fb7\u6c5f), who had 24 mentions in the full text.  In the chronicle released today, the third-ranking member, Li Zhanshu (\u6817\u6218\u4e66), has just 16 mentions, a drop again of one-third.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This yawning gap between Xi and the rest of the top leadership, and the shaping of history around his person and leadership, is not exactly a surprise, of course. It recalls what we saw back in November 2021 with the release at the Sixth Plenum of the CCP\u2019s third resolution on history, the Resolution of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party on the Major Achievements and Historical Experiences of the Party\u2019s Hundred-Year Struggle<\/em> (\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u5173\u4e8e\u515a\u7684\u767e\u5e74\u594b\u6597\u91cd\u5927\u6210\u5c31\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u51b3\u8bae).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That decision announced a new direction for the CCP and reconsolidated its claim to legitimacy under Xi\u2019s leadership in the \u201cNew Era\u201d (\u65b0\u65f6\u4ee3). And it was certainly no accident that Xi\u2019s decade in power, a period covering just 10 percent of the Party\u2019s entire 10-year history, dominated more than one-half of the resolution.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

No one can yet say with a great deal of certainty what the 20th<\/sup> National Congress of the CCP will bring. But in the version of the past offered by today\u2019s \u201cChronicle of Major Events,\u201d we can certainly see glimpses of the very near future.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In China, official versions of history in the present are meant to signal future plans and ambitions. Here’s a look at today’s chronicle of the last five years under the CCP. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":52553,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-52550","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-headlines-and-hashtags"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWriting the Future into History - China Media Project<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In China, official versions of history in the present are meant to signal future plans and ambitions. 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