{"id":45909,"date":"2020-06-18T22:43:44","date_gmt":"2020-06-18T14:43:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinamediaproject.org\/?p=45909"},"modified":"2021-11-12T04:50:31","modified_gmt":"2021-11-12T03:50:31","slug":"claiming-21st-century-marxism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinamediaproject.org\/2020\/06\/18\/claiming-21st-century-marxism\/","title":{"rendered":"Claiming 21st Century Marxism"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Several\nyears ago, the <em>Monthly Review<\/em>, an independent socialist magazine\npublished in New York since 1949, ran an essay by economist Michael A. Lebowitz\nof Simon Fraser University that asked: \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/monthlyreview.org\/2016\/10\/01\/what-is-socialism-for-the-twenty-first-century\/\">What\nis Socialism for the Twenty-First Century?<\/a>\u201d The essay began with a litany\non what socialism for the twenty-first century is <em>not<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>First\nand foremost, wrote Lebowitz, twenty-first century socialism \u201cis not capitalism,\u201d\nor what he describes as a society of \u201cincreasing exploitation,\u201d where \u201cthe\nowners of the means of production benefit by dividing workers and communities\nin order to drive down wages and intensify work.\u201d Second, twenty-first century\nsocialism is not \u201ca statist society where decisions are top-down and where all\ninitiative is the property of state office-holders or cadres of\nself-reproducing vanguards.\u201d Rather, says Lebowitz, twenty-first century\nsocialism \u201crejects a state that stands over and above society.\u201d Finally, Lebowitz\ntells us, twenty-first century socialism \u201cis not populism,\u201d and \u201cis not\ntotalitarianism.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nowhere\nin his lengthy exploration of twenty-first century socialism, written in\npreparation for a new program in Cuba, does Lebowitz mention China, the world\u2019s\nlargest \u201csocialist\u201d country \u2013 with all of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inkstonenews.com\/china-translated\/china-translated-china-socialist\/article\/2161467\">caveats\nand air quotes<\/a> that label deserves. The omission is perhaps understandable\nwhen you run through the author\u2019s list and recognize that China is home to a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/14747731.2016.1207934\">highly\nexploitative form of capitalism<\/a>, one that <a href=\"https:\/\/clb.org.hk\/content\/migrant-workers-and-their-children\">systematically\ndisenfranchises<\/a> hundreds of millions of rural migrant workers; that China\nis highly statist, and that \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.csis.org\/analysis\/china-wont-be-scared-choosing-marketization\">most\nsigns point toward further entrenchment of statism<\/a>\u201d; that the country\u2019s top\nleader, Xi Jinping, has applied to himself an often sickeningly <a href=\"https:\/\/www.csis.org\/analysis\/china-wont-be-scared-choosing-marketization\">thick\npatina of populism<\/a>; and that its politics had edged rapidly down the <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/725994\/pdf\">slippery slope toward\ntotalitarianism<\/a>, with the concentration of\npower around Xi and a constitutional amendment cancelling the two-term limit on\nthe presidency. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But China can apparently leave the debate over twenty-first century socialism to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2005\/10\/30\/world\/americas\/chavez-restyles-venezuela-with-21stcentury-socialism.html\">Western scholars<\/a> and&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2005\/10\/30\/world\/americas\/chavez-restyles-venezuela-with-21stcentury-socialism.html\">Latin American leaders<\/a>. Though we have made our way through just 20 percent of the 21<sup>st<\/sup> century, leading political theorists are now asserting the China has \u201cMarxism for the 21<sup>st<\/sup> century\u201d in the bag. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In\na <a href=\"http:\/\/www.xhby.net\/zt\/zyq\/202006\/t20200615_6688417.shtml\">piece Monday\non the front page <\/a>of the <em>Study Times<\/em>, a newspaper published by the\nCentral Party School (CPS), He Yiting (\u4f55\u6bc5\u4ead), the school\u2019s deputy director,\ndeclared that Xi Jinping\u2019s banner term, \u201cXi Jinping Thought on Socialism with\nChinese Characteristics for a New Era\u201d (\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u65b0\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7279\u8272\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3) is equal to\n\u201cMarxism for the 21<sup>st<\/sup> century.\u201d The claim was made directly in the\nheadline, as readers can see from the image below. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><div class=\"container-image-overlay\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chinamediaproject.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Study-Times.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-45911\"\/><\/div><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Mr.\nHe, who is also the head of the Center for the Research of Xi Jinping Thought\non Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era at the school, is one\nof the key theoreticians close to Xi Jinping. Cheng Li, director of the John L.\nThornton China Center at the Brookings Institution, has <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.de\/books?id=6kzDCQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT194&amp;lpg=PT194&amp;dq=he+yiting,+Party+School&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=70YgRuBIkK&amp;sig=ACfU3U1DkVnm8ImGOo_yAJkFNz0L77Cpjg&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiO7aOLoIPqAhVt8OAKHeWEDxoQ6AEwDHoECBQQAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=he%20yiting%2C%20Party%20School&amp;f=false\">called\nHe Yiting<\/a> perhaps the &#8220;most important individual who has contributed\nto the promotion of Xi&#8217;s ideological work.\u201d Some may recall that it was <a href=\"https:\/\/chinamediaproject.org\/2017\/06\/24\/china-rhetorical-giant-move\/\">He\nYiting in 2017<\/a>, months before the 19th National Congress, who predicted\nthat China\u2019s return to the global summit of \u201cdiscourse power\u201d was imminent \u2013\nthat the \u201crejuvenation of Chinese discourse\u201d would come hand-in-hand with Xi&#8217;s\n\u201cgreat rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What is the significance of Xi Jinping\u2019s claim to \u201cMarxism for the 21<sup>st<\/sup> century\u201d? In and of itself, the claim is not greatly significant. However, this can certainly be seen as another brick in the foundation of the Xi Jinping personality cult. In recent weeks, as the crisis of the Covid-19 epidemic has faded in China, there has been an uptick in aggrandizing discourse about Xi, <a href=\"https:\/\/chinamediaproject.org\/2020\/06\/08\/repainting-the-bandwagon\/\">as CMP noted earlier this month<\/a>. The finish line in the marathon of discourse generation that has unfolded since Xi was declared the \u201ccore\u201d in 2016 would be the final abridging of his banner term as \u201cXi Jinping Thought,\u201d drawing him even with Mao Zedong. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Noting that June 15 was also Xi\u2019s birthday, there was <a href=\"http:\/\/www.rfi.fr\/cn\/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD\/20200615-%E4%BB%8A%E6%98%AF%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3%E7%94%9F%E6%97%A5-%E5%AE%98%E5%AA%92%E7%A7%B0%E4%B9%A0%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E6%98%AF21%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89\">speculation\nby some<\/a> that the <em>Study Times<\/em> commentary might have been a way of &#8220;shining\nXi Jinping&#8217;s shoes with Marx, giving him a &#8216;subtle&#8217; &#8216;birthday gift.'&#8221; While\nthis is a temptingly humorous reading, grandiose gestures like this most recent one\nfrom He Yiting might better be understood as a way of testing the waters. How\nfar can those around the \u201ccore\u201d go in shoring up his charismatic power? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In fact, this is not the first time Xi Jinping has been credited with this claim to \u201cMarxism for the 21<sup>st<\/sup> century.\u201d More than two years ago, in January 2018, as Xi was enjoying a rapid ascent to the heights of charismatic power in the wake of the 19<sup>th<\/sup> National Congress of the CCP, party-state media noted that a recent \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/jamestown.org\/program\/the-democratic-life-meetings-of-the-chinese-communist-party-politburo\/\">democratic life meeting<\/a>\u201d of the central leadership had \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/theory.people.com.cn\/n1\/2018\/0119\/c40531-29774426.html\">clearly raised<\/a>\u201d the fact that: &#8220;Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for the New Era is the latest theoretical innovation of our Party, is Marxism for contemporary China, and is Marxism for the 21st century.&#8221; Another <a href=\"http:\/\/www.qstheory.cn\/dukan\/qs\/2018-06\/15\/c_1122971737.htm\">commentary<\/a> that year from the official journal <em>Seeking Truth<\/em> said that Xi&#8217;s banner term is &#8220;the most concentrated, richest and most realistic&nbsp;embodiment of 21st century Marxism.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here is a quick look at what He Yiting\u2019s most recent commentary in the <em>Study Times<\/em> actually says. The commentary starts by emphasizing a passage further down in the piece, arguing that the designation of Xi\u2019s banner term as &#8220;Marxism for the 21<sup>st<\/sup> century\u201d is a \u201cscientific\u201d determination made by the CCP, and that it is also historic: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Xi\nJinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for the New Era is\nMarxism for the 21<sup>st<\/sup> century. This is a scientific designation of Xi\nJinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for the New Era\nrendered by the Chinese Communist Party, and also the first time our Party has\nused \u201ccentury\u201d as a measure of the results of the sinicization of Marxism. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The\nreference to \u201ccrowning\u201d in a subsequent passage again supports the idea that this\nis fundamentally about signalling Xi\u2019s charismatic power. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>It\nis not results of Marxist theory in just any country, or any people that can\nserve as the form of Marxism for the century and be written in the history of human\nthought, that can be crowned \u201cthe Marxism of the century\u201d (\u4e16\u7eaa\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The\npiece then outlines three factors that are required to make such a claim to the\ncentury for Xi\u2019s signature theory. Such claims must have \u201cglobal historical\nsignificance,\u201d they must be able to show that theories have been applied with\npractical results, and so on. This is all, of course, rhetorical smoke. There\nis no real substance to He\u2019s claims beyond the claims themselves. The questions\nonly exist because He is prepared to make the bold assertion with finality \u2013\nthat Xi\u2019s theory <em>is<\/em> 21<sup>st<\/sup> century Marxism. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>He\nYiting\u2019s piece is riddled with assertions about the historic nature of Xi\u2019s\ntheoretical contributions that amount to a staking of future claims on the\npast.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Since\nthe 18<sup>th<\/sup> National Congress [in 2012], there have been historic\nchanges in the work of the Party and the state, obtaining historic results, and\nsocialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era. The new result in\nthe sinicization of Marxism,<\/em> <em>Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with\nChinese Characteristics for the New Era, has already with its great theoretical\nand practical significance engraved for itself a prominent position on the\nworld&#8217;s ideological and theoretical map, becoming the dominant form of 21st\ncentury Marxism. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is all about power. Xi\u2019s power. And yet, He Yiting also plays the magician\u2019s game of confuting Xi\u2019s personal power and prestige with China\u2019s strength as a nation, as though one cannot be had without the other. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Today,\nas we stand in the historical position of moving from a large nation to a\nstrong nation (<\/em><em>\u5927\u56fd\u8d70\u5411\u5f3a\u56fd<\/em><em>), facing an\ninternational discourse structure in which \u2018the West is strong and we are weak\u2019\n(<\/em><em>\u897f\u5f3a\u6211\u5f31<\/em><em>), China must\nconsider anew what theoretical role we play on the map of world ideas, and\nparticularly on the map of global Marxism, and that theoretical mission we will\ntake on in the process of defending and developing Marxism. We must think\nespecially, as we inject strong Chinese momentum into the world, of whether we\nhave contributed Chinese principles that lead the human spirit. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>He Yiting goes on to talk about the global importance of a \u201cChina solution\u201d (\u4e2d\u56fd\u65b9\u6848) and \u201cChinese propositions\u201d (\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e3b\u5f20) in \u201cresolving common human problems\u201d as \u201cchina moves closer to the center of the world stage.\u201d But this is all essentially window dressing on a frame whose sole purpose is to elevate Xi\u2019s power and position within the CCP. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Often, with such swollen claims, a broader historical context is the best anti-inflammatory. We can note that on June 12, 2003, almost exactly 17 years ago, a lengthy commentary appeared on page 9 of the <em>People\u2019s Daily<\/em> called \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.people.com.cn\/GB\/guandian\/26\/20030612\/1015271.html?from=groupmessage&amp;isappinstalled=0\">A Profound Understanding of the Important Theory of the \u2018Three Represents<\/a>.\u2019\u201d It spoke in glowingly of the banner term of Jiang Zemin, the then former General Secretary of the CCP who at the time still retained his position as head of the Central Military Commission. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The\nimportant thought of the &#8220;Three Represents&#8221; reflects the new\nrequirements of the present-day world and China&#8217;s development, and it is the\nlatest achievement in the sinicization of Marxism. The 16<sup>th<\/sup> National\nCongress established the status of the important thought of the \u201cThree\nRepresents\u201d alongside Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping\nTheory as the guiding ideologies that our Party must adhere to over the long\nterm. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The commentary was written by the very same He Yiting, then serving in the Office of Policy Research. Even when it comes to core ideologies, all love affairs must end. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><div class=\"container-image-overlay\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chinamediaproject.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/He-Yiting.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-45910\"\/><\/div><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In a piece Monday on the front page of the Study Times, a newspaper published by the Central Party School (CPS), He Yiting (\u4f55\u6bc5\u4ead), the school\u2019s deputy director, declared that Xi Jinping\u2019s banner term, \u201cXi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era\u201d is equal to \u201cMarxism for the 21st century.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":45913,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-45909","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-china-newspeak"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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