{"id":45719,"date":"2020-04-07T23:27:50","date_gmt":"2020-04-07T15:27:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinamediaproject.org\/?p=45719"},"modified":"2021-05-08T09:22:36","modified_gmt":"2021-05-08T07:22:36","slug":"the-delicate-dance-of-loyalty","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinamediaproject.org\/2020\/04\/07\/the-delicate-dance-of-loyalty\/","title":{"rendered":"The Delicate Dance of Loyalty"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The \u201cloyalty\ndance,\u201d or <em>zhongziwu<\/em> (\u5fe0\u5b57\u821e), was a\ncollective dance that became prevalent during the Cultural Revolution, at a\ntime when Mao Zedong and his image reigned supreme over all aspects of life in\nChina. The dancers, grasping their copies of the \u201clittle red book,\u201d <em>Quotations\nFrom Chairman Mao<\/em>, would dance, leap and shout to the impassioned ring of\nthe music \u2013 all to express their boundless loyalty to the Chairman.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One slogan\nolder Chinese may remember from that time, related to the loyalty dance, is the\n\u201cThree Loyalties\u201d (\u4e09\u5fe0\u4e8e): loyalty to Chairman Mao; loyalty to Mao\nZedong Thought; loyalty to Chairman Mao\u2019s revolutionary line. It is tempting to\nthink of the loyalty dance and the \u201cThree Loyalties\u201d\nas relics of China\u2019s political past. But in\nfact, there are unmistakable echoes in the present. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>How, in Xi\nJinping\u2019s so-called \u201cNew Era,\u201d does one dance the loyalty dance? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Last month, CMP\nwrote about how the top leader in the city of Wuhan stirred up trouble as he\ntried to <a href=\"How,%20in%20Xi%20Jinping\u2019s%20so-called%20\u201cNew%20Era,\u201d%20does%20one%20dance%20the%20loyalty%20dance%3F\">signal\nhis \u201cgratitude\u201d toward Xi Jinping<\/a>, suggesting that the people of Wuhan,\nthen still in recovering from the coronavirus epidemic, should undergo\n\u201cgratitude education.\u201d This leader, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globaltimes.cn\/content\/1179425.shtml\">Wang Zhonglin<\/a>, was\npreviously the top Party official in the city of Jinan in Shandong province,\nand when official media recently reported the news of Wang\u2019s replacement taking\nup his post, certain words caught my eye. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><div class=\"container-image-overlay\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chinamediaproject.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Liu-Jiayi-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-45721\"\/><\/div><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>As Shandong\u2019s\nprovincial Party secretary praised Wang Zhonglin\u2019s replacement in Jinan, we had\na pair of loyalties: \u201cHe is loyal to the Party,\u201d <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bjnews.com.cn\/feature\/2020\/03\/27\/709890.html\">said Shangdong Secretary\nLiu Jiayi<\/a> (\u5218\u5bb6\u4e49), \u201cand loyal to the General Secretary.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When exactly\ndid the music start in this present-day loyalty dance? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After Xi Jinping\ncame to power, the word \u201cloyalty\u201d was, at least on the surface, applied to the\nParty and not to any individual. <a href=\"http:\/\/theory.people.com.cn\/n1\/2017\/0613\/c168824-29335458.html\">Xi said<\/a>\nduring his first five-year term: \u201cAbsolute loyalty to the party lies in the\nword \u2018absolute\u2019, which is the only, thorough, unconditional, uncontaminated,\nand undiluted loyalty.\u201d Xi is of course unlikely to talk himself of the need to\nbe loyal to himself; signaling the need for such expressions of loyalty is\nsomething that can be left to others at the top of the CCP. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But as Xi consolidated\npower at the top and emphasized the need for loyalty to the Party, Li Hongzhong\n(\u674e\u9e3f\u5fe0), the top leader\nin the municipality of Tianjin, offered what could be considered the most\ninnovative (and perhaps humorous) <a href=\"http:\/\/news.sohu.com\/20161022\/n470979031.shtml\">rendition of the loyalty equation<\/a>:\n\u201cIf loyalty is not absolute, then it is absolutely not loyalty,\u201d he said. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In October\n2016, as the Party held its 6<sup>th<\/sup> Plenum, Xi Jinping\u2019s status as the \u201ccore,\u201d\nor <em>hexin<\/em> (\u6838\u5fc3) became definitive, an unmistakable sign of his\nsolidified position. In fact, the writing had been on the wall through much of\n2016, and local leaders correspondingly signalled their loyalty. In February\n2016, Chen Quanguo (\u9648\u5168\u56fd), then Party secretary of the Tibet Autonomous\nRegion, led the way, <a href=\"http:\/\/xz.people.com.cn\/n2\/2016\/0204\/c138901-27690887.html\">introducing\nthe phrase<\/a> \u201cfirmly protecting, supporting and remaining loyal to the core\nthat is General Secretary Xi Jinping.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><div class=\"container-image-overlay\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chinamediaproject.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/chen-Quanguo.png\" alt=\"\u624b\u673a\u5c4f\u5e55\u622a\u56fe\n\u63cf\u8ff0\u5df2\u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210\" class=\"wp-image-45722\"\/><\/div><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>After the 6<sup>th<\/sup>\nPlenum a slew of different phrases denoting loyalty to Xi cropped up in the\nParty media. These included: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cTrusting the core in thought, loyal to the core politically, loving\nthe core emotionally, and maintaining the core in action.\u201d \u2013 vice-governor of Qinghai\nprovince Zhang Guangrong (\u5f20\u5149\u8363), appearing\nin <a href=\"http:\/\/www.qhnews.com\/zfld\/system\/2016\/11\/24\/012192311.shtml\">the <em>Qinghai\nDaily<\/em><\/a> on November 24, 2016<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cClean, and loyal to General Secretary\nXi Jinping.\u201d \u2013 Pan Wujun (\u6f58\u6b66\u4fca), political commissar of the Ningxia\nMilitary Region, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.longnan.gov.cn\/4455577\/24992769.html\">appearing in <em>Ningxia Daily<\/em><\/a>\non January 11, 2017<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cTo General Secretary Xi Jinping,\nabsolute loyalty and pure loyalty.\u201d \u2013 Jilin Party\nSecretary Bayanqolu, <a href=\"http:\/\/inews.ifeng.com\/55012264\/news.shtml\">appearing in <em>Jilin Daily<\/em><\/a> on January 11,\n2017<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cLoyalty to the Party, loyalty to the\nGeneral Secretary.\u201d \u2013 spoken first by a forestry official in Jilin province, appearing\nin the <em>Yichun Daily<\/em> on December 22, 2017<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Liu Jiayi\u2019s\nuse of the \u201ctwo loyalties\u201d (\u4e24\u4e2a\u5fe0\u8bda) as he\nintroduced the new leader in Jinan is only the latest example. But so far, the \u201ctwo\nloyalties\u201d and related phrases have not yet appeared in the <em>People\u2019s Daily<\/em>.\nThe loyalty dance is not yet a national dance, and whether it will become so\nremains to be seen. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Generally\nspeaking, the Chinese Communist Party has three attitudes toward political\nslogans and key phrases. The first is to welcome and promote slogans, encouraging\ntheir use, which applies to mainstream CCP phrases like \u201cXi Jinping Thought on Socialism\nwith Chinese Characteristics for a New Era,\u201d the \u201ctwo protections,\u201d or \u201cBelt and\nRoad.\u201d The second attitude is to prevent or restrict the use of certain\nphrases, particularly those regarded as sensitive, including \u201cjudicial\nindependence,\u201d \u201cfreedom of speech,\u201d and so on. These are often blocked\noutright, prohibited from appearing in the media or online. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally, there\nare those terms on which the Party\u2019s attitude might be characterized as ambiguous.\nThese are words or phrases that can, depending on context, be regarded as either\nsensitive or non-sensitive. In the Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao eras, for example,\nterms like \u201cconstitutionalism\u201d and \u201ccivil society\u201d were not necessarily\nregarded as negative, and could be found in the media (particularly the\ncommercial media), but these terms were never used by top leaders, and they\ncould seldom if ever be found in the flagship <em>People\u2019s Daily<\/em>. Since\n2013, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinafile.com\/document-9-chinafile-translation\">these\nterms have been more explicitly designated<\/a> as unacceptable, and have\nvirtually disappeared from use in the media. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At the other\nend of the ambiguity spectrum are terms of praise or positivity that run the\ndanger of being unseemly owing to historical associations or the potential for blowback.\nOne of the most classic recent examples might be \u201cgreat leader Xi Jinping\u201d (\u4f1f\u5927\u9886\u8896\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73), a phrase that <a href=\"https:\/\/chinamediaproject.org\/2020\/03\/23\/the-politics-of-gratitude\/\">appeared\nin at least one local newspaper<\/a> but was subsequently removed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The phrase \u201cloyalty\nto the Party, loyalty to the General Secretary\u201d can be regarded as an ambiguous\nphrase under the current political environment, meaning that, though positive\nfrom the standpoint of CCP leaders, it does not appear in the <em>People\u2019s Daily<\/em>\nor high-level speeches or other documents. But local officials know, at the\nsame time, that there is little or no risk for them in shouting the phrase to\nthe heavens, which might actually put them in good favour with senior\nofficials. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Liu Jiayi, the\nParty secretary of Shandong province, knows this principle only too well, which\nis no doubt why he chose to express his loyalty to Xi Jinping and the CCP while\ninviting a new city leader to his post.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nor is this Liu\u2019s\nfirst time going beyond the call of duty to shower praise on Xi Jinping.\nShortly after the 19<sup>th<\/sup> National Congress in October 2017, the CCP issued\na notice standardizing the discourse of praise for Xi, okaying the use of \u201ca leader\ncherished by the whole Party, loved and respected by the people, and worthy of\nthe title\u201d (\u5168\u515a\u62e5\u62a4, \u4eba\u6c11\u7231\u6234, \u5f53\u4e4b\u65e0\u6127). But even this moderated phrase, designed to tone down the parade of\nunctuous accolades for Xi, was soon withdrawn amid concerns of the emergence of\na personality cult around the general secretary. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In Shandong,\nLiu Jiayi was determined to keep the adulation going. He spoke of Xi Jinping as\n\u201cthe staunch core, wise leader and great commander\u201d (\u575a\u5f3a\u6838\u5fc3, \u82f1\u660e\u9886\u8896, \u4f1f\u5927\u7edf\u5e05), the last of\nthis trinity redolent of the title \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/paper.people.com.cn\/rmrbhwb\/html\/2014-01\/18\/content_1380392.htm\">commander<\/a>\u201d\ngiven in the pre-reform era to Mao Zedong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><div class=\"container-image-overlay\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chinamediaproject.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Liu-Jiayi-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-45723\"\/><\/div><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>So far, Liu Jiayi\nis in a league of his own when it comes to dancing the loyalty dance. Since\nJanuary 2020, the country has focused on fighting the coronavirus. When we search\nnewspapers over the past few months, we find Liu is the only leader in the\ncountry openly signalling loyalty to Xi Jinping. Liu\u2019s remarks <a href=\"http:\/\/cpc.people.com.cn\/n1\/2020\/0328\/c64102-31652140.html\">appeared only\nin <em>Dazhong Daily<\/em><\/a>, Shandong\u2019s official Party mouthpiece, the newspaper\ndirectly under Secretary Liu\u2019s thumb, and a few other local Party papers \u2013 though\nthey were included in several <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bjnews.com.cn\/feature\/2020\/03\/27\/709890.html\">online sources<\/a>\n(including on the <em>People\u2019s Daily<\/em> news app, shown below). &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><div class=\"container-image-overlay\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/chinamediaproject.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/last.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-45724\"\/><\/div><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>These days,\nthere are no signs anywhere else in China\u2019s official Party media of phrases of obeisance\nsuch as \u201cloyal to General Secretary Xi\u201d (\u5bf9\u4e60\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\u5fe0\u8bda), \u201cloyal to General Secretary Xi Jinping\u201d (\u5bf9\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\u5fe0\u8bda), \u201cloyal to the General Secretary\u201d (\u5fe0\u8bda\u4e8e\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0), \u201ctreating General Secretary Xi with loyalty\u201d (\u5fe0\u8bda\u4e8e\u4e60\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0) and so on. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this \u201cNew Era,\u201d will the loyalty dance become as popular as it was during the Cultural Revolution? As we observe Chinese politics, this is another interesting question to bear in mind, looking for signs of the dance in the ever-shifting discourse of the Party. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In the feverish era of the Cultural Revolution, the \u201cloyalty dance,\u201d or zhongziwu (\u5fe0\u5b57\u821e), was a way of conveying adulation for Mao Zedong. In the Xi era, such displays of loyalty seem to be returning. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":47614,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-45719","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-china-newspeak"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Delicate Dance of Loyalty - China Media Project<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chinamediaproject.org\/2020\/04\/07\/the-delicate-dance-of-loyalty\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Delicate Dance of Loyalty - China Media Project\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In the feverish era of the Cultural Revolution, the \u201cloyalty dance,\u201d or zhongziwu (\u5fe0\u5b57\u821e), was a way of conveying adulation for Mao Zedong. 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