{"id":45689,"date":"2020-03-27T20:00:15","date_gmt":"2020-03-27T12:00:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinamediaproject.org\/?p=45689"},"modified":"2021-05-08T09:27:56","modified_gmt":"2021-05-08T07:27:56","slug":"the-trouble-with-total-war","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinamediaproject.org\/2020\/03\/27\/the-trouble-with-total-war\/","title":{"rendered":"The Trouble with \u201cTotal War\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Xi Jinping took part yesterday in a video teleconference with G20 leaders to address the coronavirus epidemic. The news is reported prominently on the front page of today\u2019s People\u2019s Daily<\/em>, just below the masthead. The headline, running vertically alongside an image of Xi, emphasizes his role in the teleconference: \u201cXi Jinping Attends G20 Leaders Special Summit on New Coronavirus and Delivers Important Speech<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u62a5\u7eb8\u4e0a\u7684\u6587\u5b57\n\u63cf\u8ff0\u5df2\u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210\"<\/div><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

What was this \u201cimportant speech\u201d? It was called, \u201cWorking Together to\nFight the Epidemic\u201d (\u643a\u624b\u6297\u75ab \u5171\u514b\u65f6\u8270<\/a>).\nChina\u2019s deputy foreign minister, Ma Zhaoxu, summarized Xi\u2019s speech, saying that\nits chief purpose was to introduce \u201cChina\u2019s experience,\u201d set forth \u201cChina\u2019s\nproposition,\u201d put forward a \u201cChinese initiative,\u201d and outline pledges for \u201cChina\u2019s\ncontribution.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ma praised the speech for “adhering to the concept of a community of common destiny for mankind,\u201d a reference to Xi Jinping\u2019s key foreign policy phrase<\/a>. He said the speech \u201cintegrated China’s practical experience in fighting the epidemic, laying out a series of important propositions, and playing an important guiding role for strengthening international cooperation on epidemic control and stabilizing the global economy.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact, Xi Jinping\u2019s speech was incredibly brief, consisting of just 1,411 Chinese characters. Particularly of note is the fact that just a small portion of the speech, about 106 characters, or seven percent, deals with China\u2019s experience at all. Here is what that section, found right at the outset of the speech, actually says: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Faced with the sudden rise of the novel coronavirus epidemic, the Chinese government and the Chinese people did not shrink from adversity, but placed people\u2019s lives and health above all. With firm resolution, mutual aid, scientific prevention and precise policies, we undertook a people\u2019s war against the epidemic through national mobilization, joint prevention and control, and openness and transparency. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

During his inspection tour in Beijing on February 10, Xi Jinping used the terms \u201cpeople\u2019s war\u201d (\u4eba\u6c11\u6218\u4e89), \u201ctotal war\u201d (\u603b\u4f53\u6218) and \u201cbattle\u201d (\u963b\u51fb\u6218) to describe the challenge facing China. All three of these terms appeared in the most prominent headline in the next day’s edition of the People\u2019s Daily<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u62a5\u7eb8\u4e0a\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u7167\u7247\u4e0a\u5199\u7740\u5b57\n\u63cf\u8ff0\u5df2\u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210\"<\/div><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

This trinity of terms has been central to sloganeering in official propaganda in the midst of Xi\u2019s \u201cwar\u201d against the coronavirus epidemic. The terms have been used in concert through February and March as successive Politburo Standing Committee meetings have been held, and as Xi visited the city of Wuhan, the epicenter of the epidemic. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

During the G20 video teleconference, as Ma Zhaoxu tells us, Xi introduced \u201cChina\u2019s experience,\u201d using the term \u201cpeople\u2019s war,\u201d a term going back to Mao Zedong. As Xi Jinping addressed the global response, he also spoke of a \u201cbattle,\u201d or zujizhan<\/em> (\u963b\u51fb\u6218), using another term in his anti-epidemic trinity. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the third term in the trinity, \u201ctotal war,\u201d or zongtizhan<\/em> (\u603b\u4f53\u6218), was missing from Xi\u2019s G20 speech. Why would this erstwhile crucial term suddenly be dropped? My guess is that the speech writer, having some knowledge of world history, made necessary adjustments. Why? Because speaking of \u201ctotal war\u201d before the leaders of the United States, the UK, Germany, France and Russia could invoke shades of the Second World War and seem completely out of context.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For China\u2019s leaders, talk of \u201ctotal war\u201d may sound determined and resolute. But the  phrase, in fact, is not a positive one. It is generally attributed to general Erich Ludendorff, Germany\u2019s chief military leader during the First World War, whose ideas, some have said, \u201cpaved the way for Hitler<\/a>,\u201d and who has been called \u201cthe first Nazi<\/a>.\u201d  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Below is an image of the cover of a Chinese\ntranslation of Ludendorff\u2019s 1935 book Total War<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u56fe\u7247\u5305\u542b<\/div><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

And here is an image of Ludendorff standing\nalongside Hitler, taken in Munich in April 1935 to mark Ludendorff\u2019s 70th<\/sup>\nbirthday. Hitler had ordered celebrations of the day across Germany, and the\ngeneral was, according\nto the New York Times<\/em><\/a>, \u201cofficially restored to the ranks of\nGermany’s heroic figures.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/div>
Hitler and Ludendorff. Image from the German Federal Archives, available at Wikimedia Commons under CC license<\/a>. <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The notion of \u201ctotal war\u201d meant that a nation\nwould mobilize all available resources for the purposes of war. The term came\ninto wider use in 1943 as the situation in the Second World War took a dramatic\nturn. The German army was defeated at the\nBattle of Stalingrad<\/a>, which began in September 1942 and lasted for several bitter\nmonths, and suffered grave setbacks in other key engagements. Finally, on\nFebruary 18, 1943, Joseph Goebbels, the Reich Minister of Propaganda, delivered\nhis infamous “Sportpalast speech<\/a><\/em>” during which he called\nfor \u201ctotal war,\u201d urging the German people to continue the war at all costs in order\nto turn back the threat of Bolshevism. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/div>
The scene on February 18, 1943, at the Berliner Sportpalast as Joseph Goebbels delivers his speech on \u201ctotal war.\u201d Image from German Federal Archives, available at Wikimedia Commons under CC license<\/a>. <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The term seen here on\nthe banner flying over the grand stage at the Berliner Sportpalast in February\n1943 \u2013 \u201ctotal war,\u201d or Totaler Krieg<\/em> \u2013 is the very same word as the\nChinese zongtizhan<\/em> (\u603b\u4f53\u6218) that has formed\npart of Xi\u2019s trinity of anti-epidemic slogans since last month. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Search for\ninformation on \u201ctotal war\u201d in the Chinese search engine Baidu, and you quickly come\nto the following entry on Goebbels\u2019 speech, which also notes that \u201cafter the speech\nGoebbels ordered the closure of luxury hotels and entertainment venues in\nBerlin.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/div><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Within the discourse of the Chinese Communist Party, the \u201cpeople\u2019s war\u201d is a now classic \u201cred discourse<\/a>\u201d (\u7ea2\u8272\u8bcd\u8bed), but in fact \u201ctotal war\u201d has always been what can be called \u201cblack discourse\u201d (\u9ed1\u8272\u8bcd\u8bed), associated with capitalism and capitalist forces. In educational texts for national defense, the theory of \u201ctotal war\u201d is rejected as \u201can important guiding ideology of the imperialists in engaging in war,\u201d as can be seen in the following image of related online study materials<\/a> from the Ministry of Education. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u624b\u673a\u622a\u56fe\u56fe\u4eba\u7684\u7167\u7247\u4e0a\u5199\u7740\u5b57\n\u63cf\u8ff0\u5df2\u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210\"<\/div><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In 1948, as the Chinese Communist Party and the Kuomintang Party were locked in a bitter civil war, the People\u2019s Daily<\/em>, which had been launched two years earlier, ran a report with the headline<\/a>: \u201cAfter a Month of Brave Fighting By Liberation Army Soldiers in Jiangsu, the \u2018Total War\u2019 of the [KMT] Bandits Has Been Shattered.\u201d   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u6587\u5b57\u56fe\u6848\n\u63cf\u8ff0\u5df2\u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210\"<\/div><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

This history of “total war” was the reason for my astonishment as I spotted the term in the front-page headline in the People\u2019s Daily<\/em> on February 11. I\u2019m sure others like me who are familiar with the discourse of the CCP felt exactly the same way. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In recent years under Xi Jinping, many old Maoist\nterminologies have been dusted off and given new life \u2013 phrases like, \u201cEast,\nsouth, north and center, Party, government, military, society and education \u2013\nthe Party rules all\u201d (\u4e1c\u897f\u5357\u5317\u4e2d\uff0c\u515a\u653f\u519b\u6c11\u5b66\uff0c\u515a\u662f\u9886\u5bfc\u4e00\u5207\u7684). At the same time, a number of former \u201cblack words\u201d\nseem to have been rehabilitated and appropriated \u2013 phrases like \u201cin the\nhighest position<\/a>\u201d (\u5b9a\u4e8e\u4e00\u5c0a),\nonce decadent and imperial but now a positive expression of the lofty power of\nthe top leader. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The simplest explanation for this inconsistency is the fact that in the so-called \u201cNew Era,\u201d the functionaries in charge of penning speeches and official documents are not as sensitive as they once were to the CCP\u2019s own history, much less to world history. They have no direct experience of Mao era, nor do they necessarily have a very deep sense of the early reform era under Deng Xiaoping. This has led to the absurd situation \u2013 absurd according to the internal logic of CCP discourse \u2013 that we find black words mixed into with the red. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the case of Xi\u2019s G20 video teleconference speech, the \u201ctotal war\u201d once shouted out by Goebbels cannot be found. But this does not mean the term has been shut out in the cold. A separate commentary in the People\u2019s Daily<\/em> today<\/a> again chants the trinity on the new priority of getting the economy humming again, asserting that \u201cthe active and orderly return of production . . . concerns comprehensive victory in the people\u2019s war, total war and battle to contain and control the coronavirus epidemic.\u201d  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cTotal war\u2019 is almost certainly missing from Xi Jinping\u2019s G20 speech out of recognition of its potential sensitivity in this context. The important question now is whether and how Xi Jinping might continue to use this dangerous phrase domestically — even long after the war against the epidemic has been won. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In a speech on fighting the Covid-19 pandemic, General Secretary Xi Jinping spoke of “total war.” But this is a phrase that has unfortunate echoes in history. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":47621,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-45689","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-china-newspeak"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe Trouble with \u201cTotal War\u201d - China Media Project<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chinamediaproject.org\/2020\/03\/27\/the-trouble-with-total-war\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Trouble with \u201cTotal War\u201d - China Media Project\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In a speech on fighting the Covid-19 pandemic, General Secretary Xi Jinping spoke of "total war." 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